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Filime ya Nanoscale yerekana amashusho (NGFs) ni nanomateriali ikomeye ishobora kubyara umusaruro wa catalitiki ya chimique yamashanyarazi, ariko haracyari ibibazo kubijyanye no koroshya kwimurwa nuburyo morfologiya yo hejuru igira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yibikoresho bizakurikiraho. Hano turatanga raporo yo gukura kwa NGF kumpande zombi za nikel foil polycrystalline (ubuso bwa cm 55, uburebure bwa nm 100) hamwe no kwimura polymer idafite (imbere ninyuma, ubuso bugera kuri cm 6). Bitewe na morphologie ya catalizator foil, firime ebyiri za karubone zitandukanye mumiterere yumubiri nibindi biranga (nkubuso bukabije). Twerekana ko NGFs ifite inyuma yinyuma ikwiranye no gutahura NO2, mugihe NGFs yoroshye kandi ikora neza kuruhande rwimbere (2000 S / cm, kurwanya impapuro - 50 ohms / m2) birashobora kuba imiyoboro myiza. umuyoboro cyangwa electrode ya selile yizuba (kuva itanga 62% yumucyo ugaragara). Muri rusange, iterambere ryasobanuwe hamwe nuburyo bwo gutwara abantu birashobora gufasha kumenya NGF nkibindi bikoresho bya karubone kubikoresho byikoranabuhanga aho graphene na micron-yuzuye ya grafitike idakwiye.
Graphite ni ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda. Ikigaragara ni uko grafite ifite imiterere yubucucike buke ugereranije nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwindege hamwe nubushyuhe bwamashanyarazi, kandi birahagaze neza mubidukikije bikaze byubushyuhe nubumashini1,2. Flake grafite nikintu kizwi cyane cyo gutangira ubushakashatsi bwa graphene3. Iyo itunganijwe muri firime yoroheje, irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwa porogaramu, harimo ubushyuhe bwogukoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoronike nka terefone zigendanwa 4,5,6,7, nkibikoresho bifatika muri sensor 8,9,10 no kurinda amashanyarazi interineti11. 12 na firime za lithographie muri ultraviolet ikabije13,14, ikora imiyoboro mumirasire y'izuba15,16. Kuri izi porogaramu zose, byaba byiza cyane mugihe uduce twinshi twa firime ya grafite (NGFs) hamwe nubunini bugenzurwa muri nanoscale <100 nm bishobora kubyara umusaruro no gutwara.
Graphite firime ikorwa muburyo butandukanye. Mugihe kimwe, gushira no kwaguka bikurikirwa na exfolisiyoneri byakoreshejwe kugirango habeho grake ya graphene10,11,17. Flake igomba kurushaho gutunganyirizwa muma firime yubunini busabwa, kandi akenshi bifata iminsi myinshi kugirango itange impapuro zuzuye za grafite. Ubundi buryo ni ugutangirira kubishushanyo mbonera bikomeye. Mu nganda, impapuro za polymer zirimo karubone (kuri 1000-1500 ° C) hanyuma igashushanywa (kuri 2800–3200 ° C) kugirango ikore ibikoresho byubatswe neza. Nubwo ubwiza bwiyi firime buri hejuru, gukoresha ingufu ni1,18,19 kandi umubyimba muto ugarukira kuri microne nkeya 1,18,19,20.
Ububiko bwa catalitiki ya chimique (CVD) nuburyo buzwi cyane bwo gukora firime ya graphene na ultrathin grafite (<10 nm) ifite ubuziranenge bwimiterere kandi igiciro cyiza 21,22,23,24,25,26,27. Ariko, ugereranije no gukura kwa graphene na ultrathin grafite ya firime 28, gukura kwagutse hamwe na / cyangwa gukoresha NGF ukoresheje CVD ndetse ntibikorerwa ubushakashatsi 11,13,29,30,31,32,33.
CVD ikura graphene na grafite ya firime ikenera kwimurwa kuri substrate ikora34. Iyimurwa rya firime yoroheje ikubiyemo uburyo bubiri bwingenzi35: (1) kwimura non-etch 36,37 na (2) kwimura imiti iterwa na chimique (substrate ishyigikiwe) 14,34,38. Buri buryo bufite ibyiza nibibi kandi bugomba gutoranywa bitewe nibisabwa, nkuko byasobanuwe ahandi 35,39. Kuri graphene / grafite ya firime ikura kuri substrate ya catalitiki, kwimura hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa chimique butose (muribwo polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nigice gikoreshwa cyane) gikomeza guhitamo 13,30,34,38,40,41,42. Wowe n'abandi. Byavuzwe ko nta polymer yakoreshejwe mu kwimura NGF (ubunini bw'icyitegererezo hafi cm 4) Uburyo bwa chimie butose ukoresheje polymers bigizwe nintambwe nyinshi, harimo kubishyira mu bikorwa no gukuraho nyuma yigitambo cya polymer 30,38,40,41,42. Iyi nzira ifite ibibi: kurugero, ibisigazwa bya polymer birashobora guhindura imiterere ya firime ikuze38. Gutunganya byinyongera birashobora gukuraho polymer isigaye, ariko izi ntambwe zinyongera zongera igiciro nigihe cyo gutunganya film 38,40. Mugihe cyo gukura kwa CVD, igipande cya graphene ntigishyirwa gusa kuruhande rwimbere rwumubyimba wa catalizator (uruhande rureba urujya n'uruza), ariko no kuruhande rwinyuma. Nyamara, ibya nyuma bifatwa nkibicuruzwa kandi birashobora gukurwaho vuba na plasma yoroshye 38,41. Kongera gutunganya iyi firime birashobora gufasha kongera umusaruro, kabone niyo byaba bifite ubuziranenge burenze isura ya karubone.
Hano, turatanga raporo yimyiteguro yo gukura kwa wafer-nini yo gukura kwa NGF hamwe nubwiza buhanitse kuri polycrystalline nikel foil na CVD. Hasuzumwe uburyo ubukana bwimbere ninyuma ya file bigira ingaruka kumiterere n'imiterere ya NGF. Turerekana kandi ikiguzi cyangiza kandi cyangiza ibidukikije polymer-yubusa ya NGF kuva kumpande zombi za nikel foil kumurongo wimikorere myinshi kandi twerekana uburyo firime yimbere ninyuma ikwiranye nibikorwa bitandukanye.
Ibice bikurikira biraganira kubyerekeranye nubunini bwa firime ya grafite bitewe numubare wububiko bwa graphene: MLG, ibice 10-30) na (iv) NGF (~ 300). Iheruka nubunini busanzwe bugaragazwa nkijanisha ryakarere (hafi 97% kuri 100 µm2) 30. Niyo mpamvu film yose yitwa gusa NGF.
Polycrystalline nikel foils ikoreshwa muguhuza graphene na firime ya grafite ifite imiterere itandukanye bitewe no kuyikora no kuyitunganya nyuma. Duheruka gutanga raporo yo kunoza inzira yo gukura kwa NGF30. Twerekana ko ibipimo nkibikorwa bya annealing hamwe nigitutu cyicyumba mugihe cyo gukura bigira uruhare runini mukubona NGFs yubunini bumwe. Hano, twakomeje gukora ubushakashatsi ku mikurire ya NGF imbere yimbere (FS) hamwe ninyuma idasize inyuma (BS) hejuru ya nikel foil (Ishusho 1a). Ubwoko butatu bw'icyitegererezo FS na BS bwarasuzumwe, butondekanya mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Iyo ugenzuwe neza, gukura kwa NGF kumpande zombi za nikel foil (NiAG) bishobora kugaragara nihinduka ryibara ryibara ryinshi Ni substrate ya feza iranga ubutare. ibara ryijimye ryijimye (Ishusho 1a); ibipimo bya microscopique byemejwe (Ishusho 1b, c). Ikirangantego cya Raman cya FS-NGF cyagaragaye mukarere keza kandi kerekanwa numwambi utukura, ubururu na orange kumashusho 1b irerekanwa mumashusho 1c. Ibiranga impinga ya Raman ya grafite G (1683 cm - 1) na 2D (2696 cm - 1) yemeza imikurire ya NGF ya kirisiti cyane (Ishusho 1c, Imbonerahamwe SI1). Muri firime zose, hagaragaye ubwinshi bwa Raman yerekanwe hamwe nuburinganire bwimbaraga (I2D / IG) ~ 0.3, mugihe Raman yerekanwe na I2D / IG = 0.8 byagaragaye gake. Kubura impinga zifite inenge (D = 1350 cm-1) muri firime yose byerekana ubwiza bwo gukura kwa NGF. Ibisubizo nkibi bya Raman byabonetse kurugero rwa BS-NGF (Igicapo SI1 a na b, Imbonerahamwe SI1).
Kugereranya kwa NiAG FS- na BS-NGF: (a) Ifoto yikitegererezo gisanzwe cya NGF (NiAG) cyerekana imikurire ya NGF ku gipimo cya wafer (55 cm2) hamwe n’ibisubizo bya BS- na FS-Ni, (b) FS-NGF Amashusho / Ni yabonetse na microscope optique, (c) ibisanzwe bya Raman byerekanwe ahantu hatandukanye mumwanya b, (d, f) SEM amashusho kuri magnifica zitandukanye kuri FS-NGF / Ni, (e, g) amashusho ya SEM muburyo butandukanye Gushiraho BS -NGF / Ni. Umwambi w'ubururu werekana akarere ka FLG, umwambi wa orange werekana akarere ka MLG (hafi yakarere ka FLG), umwambi utukura werekana akarere ka NGF, naho umwambi wa magenta werekana uruzitiro.
Kubera ko gukura guterwa nubunini bwa substrate yambere, ingano ya kirisiti, icyerekezo, nimbibi zimbuto, kugera kugenzura neza kubyimbye bya NGF ahantu hanini biracyari ikibazo20,34,44. Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoresheje ibintu twatangaje mbere30. Iyi nzira itanga akarere keza ka 0.1 kugeza 3% kuri 100 µm230. Mu bice bikurikira, turerekana ibisubizo kubwoko bwombi bwakarere. Gukura cyane amashusho ya SEM yerekana ko hari ahantu henshi hatandukanye hagaragara impande zombi (Igishusho 1f, g), byerekana ko hari uturere twa FLG na MLG30,45. Ibi kandi byashimangiwe na Raman ukwirakwiza (Igishusho 1c) n'ibisubizo bya TEM (byaganiriweho nyuma mu gice “FS-NGF: imiterere n'umutungo”). Uturere twa FLG na MLG twagaragaye ku ngero za FS- na BS-NGF / Ni (imbere n'inyuma NGF ikura kuri Ni) ishobora kuba yarakuze ku ngano nini za Ni (111) zakozwe mbere yo guterwa 22,30,45. Kuzenguruka byagaragaye ku mpande zombi (Igishusho 1b, cyerekanwe n'imyambi y'umuhengeri). Ububiko bukunze kuboneka muri CVD ikuze ya graphene na grafite ya grafite kubera itandukaniro rinini muri coefficient yo kwagura ubushyuhe hagati ya grafite na nikel substrate30,38.
Ishusho ya AFM yemeje ko icyitegererezo cya FS-NGF cyari gishimishije kuruta icyitegererezo cya BS-NGF (Ishusho SI1) (Ishusho SI2). Imizi isobanura kare (RMS) indangagaciro zingana na FS-NGF / Ni (Igishusho SI2c) na BS-NGF / Ni (Igishusho SI2d) ni 82 na 200 nm, (bipimye ku buso bwa 20 × 20 μm2). Ubusumbane buri hejuru burashobora kumvikana hashingiwe kubisesengura ryubutaka bwa nikel (NiAR) muburyo bwakiriwe (Ishusho SI3). SEM amashusho ya FS na BS-NiAR yerekanwa mubishushanyo SI3a - d, byerekana imiterere itandukanye: isura ya FS-Ni isukuye ifite nano- na micron ingana na sikorike, mugihe BS-Ni idapanze idafite urwego rwerekana umusaruro. nkibice bifite imbaraga nyinshi. no kugabanuka. Amashusho maremare kandi maremare ya nikel foil (NiA) yerekanwe mubishusho SI3e - h. Muri iyi mibare, turashobora kwitegereza ko hari uduce duto twa micron-nini ya nikel ku mpande zombi za feri ya nikel (Ishusho SI3e - h). Ingano nini zishobora kugira icyerekezo cya Ni (111), nkuko byavuzwe mbere 30.46. Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye muri nikel foil morphologie hagati ya FS-NiA na BS-NiA. Ubusumbane bukabije bwa BS-NGF / Ni biterwa nubuso butagira ibara bwa BS-NiAR, ubuso bwabwo bukomeza kuba bubi cyane na nyuma yo gufatana (Ishusho SI3). Ubu bwoko bwubuso buranga mbere yo gukura butuma ubukana bwa graphene na grafite bigenzurwa. Twabibutsa ko substrate yumwimerere yagiye ivugururwa ryintete mugihe cyo gukura kwa graphene, byagabanije gato ingano yingano kandi bimwe byongera ubukana bwubuso bwa substrate ugereranije na file hamwe na catalizike ya firime22.
Kuringaniza neza substrate yubuso bukabije, igihe cyo guhuza (ingano yintete) 30.47 no kurekura igenzura43 bizafasha kugabanya ubunini bwakarere ka NGF kuri µm2 na / cyangwa ndetse nubunini bwa nm2 (ni ukuvuga ubunini bwubunini bwa nanometero nkeya). Kugirango ugenzure ububobere bwa substrate, uburyo nka pololitike ya electrolytike ya nikel foil yavuyemo irashobora gutekerezwa48. Urupapuro rwa nikel rwabigenewe rushobora guhita rushyirwa ku bushyuhe buke (<900 ° C) 46 nigihe (<5 min) kugirango wirinde gushiraho ingano nini za Ni (111) (zifasha gukura kwa FLG).
SLG na FLG graphene ntishobora kwihanganira uburemere bwa acide n'amazi, bisaba ubufasha bwimashini mugihe cyo kohereza imiti 22,34,38. Bitandukanye no kwimura imiti itose ya polymer ishyigikiwe na graphene38, twasanze impande zombi za NGF zimaze gukura zishobora kwimurwa nta nkunga ya polymer, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2a (reba Ishusho SI4a kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye). Iyimurwa rya NGF kuri substrate yatanzwe itangirana no gutose kwa firime ya Ni30.49. Ingero za NGF / Ni / NGF zikuze zashyizwe ijoro ryose muri mL 15 ya 70% HNO3 ivangwa na 600 mL y'amazi ya deioni (DI). Ni foil imaze gushonga burundu, FS-NGF ikomeza kuba igororotse kandi ireremba hejuru y’amazi, kimwe n’icyitegererezo cya NGF / Ni / NGF, mu gihe BS-NGF yibizwa mu mazi (Ishusho 2a, b). NGF yitaruye noneho yimuwe ivuye muri beaker irimo amazi meza ya deionioni ijya mu kindi cyuma kandi NGF yiherereye yogejwe neza, isubiramo inshuro enye kugeza kuri esheshatu binyuze mu isahani yikirahure. Hanyuma, FS-NGF na BS-NGF bashyizwe kumurongo wifuzwa (Ishusho 2c).
Uburyo bwa polimeri butarangwamo imiti ya NGF ikura kuri nikel foil: (a) Igishushanyo cyerekana inzira (reba Ishusho SI4 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye), (b) Ifoto ya digitale ya NGF yatandukanijwe nyuma ya Ni etching (ingero 2), (c) Urugero FS - na BS-NGF kwimurira muri SiO2 / Si substrate, (d) FS-NGF kwimura opaque polymer substrate, (e) BS-NGF kuva icyitegererezo kimwe na panel d (igabanijwemo ibice bibiri), yimuriwe kumpapuro zometseho zahabu C. na Nafion (flexible transparent substrate, impande zanditseho inguni zitukura).
Menya ko SLG yoherejwe ikoresheje uburyo bwo kohereza imiti itose bisaba igihe cyo gutunganya amasaha 20-24 38. Hamwe na tekinike yubusa ya polymer yerekanwe hano (Igicapo SI4a), muri rusange igihe cyo gutunganya NGF cyo kugabanuka cyaragabanutse cyane (hafi amasaha 15). Inzira igizwe: . kubika mumazi ya deionion cyangwa kwimurira substrate (20 min). Amazi yafatiwe hagati ya NGF na matrix menshi akurwaho nigikorwa cya capillary (ukoresheje impapuro zo guhanagura) 38, hanyuma ibitonyanga byamazi bisigaye bikurwaho no kumisha bisanzwe (hafi 30 min), hanyuma icyitegererezo cyumishwa muminota 10. min mu ziko rya vacuum (10–1 mbar) kuri 50-90 ° C (min 60) 38.
Graphite izwiho kwihanganira amazi n'umwuka ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane (≥ 200 ° C) 50,51,52. Twagerageje ingero dukoresheje Raman spectroscopy, SEM, na XRD nyuma yo kubika mumazi ya deionion mubushyuhe bwicyumba no mumacupa afunze ahantu hose kuva muminsi mike kugeza kumwaka umwe (Igicapo SI4). Nta gutesha agaciro kugaragara. Igicapo 2c cerekana ubusa-FS-NGF na BS-NGF mumazi yimana. Twabafashe kuri substrate ya SiO2 (300 nm) / Si, nkuko bigaragara mu ntangiriro ya Ishusho 2c. Byongeye kandi, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2d, e, NGF ikomeza irashobora kwimurwa muburyo butandukanye nka polymers (Thermabright polyamide kuva Nexolve na Nafion) hamwe nimpapuro za karubone zometseho zahabu. Kureremba FS-NGF byashyizwe byoroshye kurwego rwibanze (Ishusho 2c, d). Nyamara, ingero za BS-NGF zirenze cm2 zigoye kubyitwaramo mugihe winjiye mumazi. Mubisanzwe, iyo batangiye kuzunguruka mumazi, kuberako batitonze rimwe na rimwe bacamo ibice bibiri cyangwa bitatu (Ishusho 2e). Muri rusange, twashoboye kugera kuri polymer idafite PS- na BS-NGF (guhora kwimura nta nGF / Ni / NGF gukura kuri cm 6) kuburugero rugera kuri cm 6 na 3 cm2 mukarere. Ibice byose bisigaye binini cyangwa bito birashobora kuba (kuboneka byoroshye mugisubizo cya etching cyangwa amazi ya deionised) kumurongo wifuzwa (~ 1 mm2, Igishusho SI4b, reba icyitegererezo cyimuriwe mumuringa nkuko biri muri "FS-NGF: Imiterere nibyiza (byaganiriweho) munsi ya "Imiterere nibyiza") cyangwa ububiko bwo gukoresha ejo hazaza (Igicapo SI4). Dufatiye kuri iki gipimo, turagereranya ko NGF ishobora kugarurwa mu musaruro ugera kuri 98-99% (nyuma yo gukura kwimurwa).
Kwimura ingero zidafite polymer zasesenguwe birambuye. Imiterere yimiterere yimiterere yabonetse kuri FS- na BS-NGF / SiO2 / Si (Igishusho 2c) ukoresheje microscopi optique (OM) na SEM amashusho (Ishusho SI5 nishusho 3) yerekanaga ko izo ngero zimuwe nta microscopi. Ibyangiritse byubatswe nkibice, ibyobo, cyangwa uduce tutagenzuwe. Ububiko kuri NGF ikura (Igishusho 3b, d, cyerekanwe numwambi wijimye) cyagumye kuba cyiza nyuma yo kwimurwa. Byombi FS- na BS-NGFs bigizwe n'uturere twa FLG (uturere twerekanwe n'imyambi y'ubururu ku gishushanyo 3). Igitangaje ni uko, bitandukanye n'uturere duke twangiritse bikunze kugaragara mugihe cyoherejwe na polymer ya firime ya ultrathin ya grafite, uturere twinshi twa micron nini ya FLG na MLG ihuza NGF (irangwa n'imyambi y'ubururu ku gishushanyo cya 3d) yimuwe nta gucika cyangwa kuvunika (Ishusho 3d) . 3). . Ubusugire bwa mashini bwashimangiwe kandi hakoreshejwe amashusho ya TEM na SEM ya NGF yimuriwe kuri gride-carbone y'umuringa, nkuko byaganiriweho nyuma (“FS-NGF: Imiterere n'umutungo”). Iyimurwa BS-NGF / SiO2 / Si irakaze kurusha FS-NGF / SiO2 / Si ifite agaciro ka rms ya 140 nm na 17 nm, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo SI6a na b (20 × 20 μ m2). Agaciro RMS ya NGF yimuriwe kuri substrate ya SiO2 / Si (RMS <2 nm) iri hasi cyane (inshuro zigera kuri 3) ugereranije na NGF yakuze kuri Ni (Igicapo SI2), byerekana ko ubukana bwiyongereye bushobora guhura nubuso bwa Ni. Hiyongereyeho, amashusho ya AFM yakorewe ku mpande za FS- na BS-NGF / SiO2 / Si yerekanye uburebure bwa NGF bwa 100 na 80 nm (Ishusho SI7). Umubyimba muto wa BS-NGF urashobora kuba ibisubizo byubuso butagaragara neza na gaze ibanziriza.
Yimuwe NGF (NiAG) idafite polymer kuri waO ya SiO2 / Si (reba Ishusho 2c): (a, b) SEM amashusho ya FS-NGF yimuwe: gukuza hasi no hejuru (bihuye na kare ya orange mukibaho). Ahantu hasanzwe) - a) . (e, f) AFM amashusho ya FS- na BS-NGFs yimuwe. Umwambi w'ubururu ugereranya akarere ka FLG - itandukaniro ryiza, cyan umwambi - itandukaniro ry'umukara MLG, umwambi utukura - itandukaniro ry'umukara ryerekana akarere ka NGF, umwambi wa magenta ugereranya ububiko.
Ibigize imiti byakuze kandi byimuwe FS- na BS-NGFs byasesenguwe na X-ray fotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Ishusho 4). Impinga idakomeye yagaragaye muri ecran yapimwe (Igishusho 4a, b), ihuye na Ni substrate (850 eV) ya FS- na BS-NGFs ikuze (NiAG). Nta mpinga igaragara mu bipimo byapimwe bya FS- na BS-NGF / SiO2 / Si (Ishusho 4c; ibisubizo bisa kuri BS-NGF / SiO2 / Si ntibigaragara), byerekana ko nta kwanduza Ni bisigaye nyuma yo kwimurwa . Igishushanyo cya 4d - f cyerekana urwego rukomeye rwa C 1 s, O 1 s na Si 2p urwego rwingufu za FS-NGF / SiO2 / Si. Ingufu zihuza C 1 s ya grafite ni 284.4 eV53.54. Imiterere yumurongo wimpinga ya grafite muri rusange ifatwa nkibidasanzwe, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4d54. Ikirangantego-cyibanze-urwego C 1 s (Igishusho 4d) nacyo cyemeje kwimurwa neza (ni ukuvuga, ibisigazwa bya polymer), ibyo bikaba bihuye nubushakashatsi bwibanze38. Imirongo ya C 1 s yerekanwe ya sample nshya ikuze (NiAG) na nyuma yo kwimurwa ni 0.55 na 0,62 eV. Indangagaciro ziri hejuru ya SLG (0.49 eV kuri SLG kuri substrate ya SiO2) 38. Nyamara, izo ndangagaciro ni ntoya kuruta uko byavuzwe mbere kumurongo wa pyrolytike ya graphene yerekanwe cyane (~ 0,75 eV) 53,54,55, byerekana ko nta karubone zifite inenge mubikoresho biriho. C 1 s na O 1 s urwego rwubutaka narwo ntirubura ibitugu, bivanaho gukenera impinga ndende ya deconvolution54. Hano hari π → π * icyogajuru cyo hejuru cya 291.1 eV, gikunze kugaragara mubitegererezo bya grafite. Ibimenyetso 103 eV na 532.5 eV mubyerekezo byingenzi bya Si 2p na O 1 (reba Ishusho ya 4e, f) byitirirwa insimburangingo ya SiO2 56. XPS ni tekinike yubuso, bityo ibimenyetso bihuye na Ni na SiO2 byagaragaye mbere na nyuma yo kwimurwa kwa NGF, bikekwa ko byaturutse mukarere ka FLG. Ibisubizo nkibi byagaragaye kuri transfert ya BS-NGF (ntabwo yerekanwe).
NiAG XPS ibisubizo: (ac) Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ibintu bitandukanye bya atome bigize ibice bya FS-NGF / Ni, BS-NGF / Ni hanyuma byimura FS-NGF / SiO2 / Si. .
Ubwiza rusange bwa kristu ya NGF yimuwe yasuzumwe hakoreshejwe X-ray itandukanya (XRD). Imiterere isanzwe ya XRD (Igicapo SI8) yimuwe FS- na BS-NGF / SiO2 / Si yerekana ko hariho impinga zidasanzwe (0 0 0 2) na (0 0 0 4) kuri 26.6 ° na 54.7 °, bisa na grafite. . Ibi byemeza ubuziranenge bwa kristaline ya NGF kandi bihuye nintera ihuza intera ya d = 0.335 nm, ikomezwa nyuma yo kwimura intambwe. Ubukomezi bwimpinga ya diffaction (0 0 0 2) bwikubye inshuro 30 ubwinshi bwimpanuka (0 0 0 4), byerekana ko indege ya kirisiti ya NGF ihujwe neza nubuso bwikitegererezo.
Ukurikije ibisubizo bya SEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS na XRD, wasangaga ubuziranenge bwa BS-NGF / Ni busa na FS-NGF / Ni, nubwo ubukana bwa rms bwari hejuru cyane (Ishusho SI2, SI5) na SI7).
SLGs ifite polymer zifasha kugera kuri 200 nm z'ubugari zirashobora kureremba hejuru y'amazi. Iyi mikorere ikoreshwa muburyo bwa polymer-ifashwa nogutwara imiti 22,38. Graphene na grafite ni hydrophobique (inguni itose 80-90 °) 57. Ingufu zishobora kuba hejuru ya graphene na FLG zavuzwe ko ziringaniye, zifite ingufu nke (~ 1 kJ / mol) kugirango amazi yimbere kuruhande 58. Nyamara, ingufu zabazwe zamazi zamazi hamwe na graphene hamwe nibice bitatu bya graphene bigereranijwe - 13 na - 15 kJ / mol, 58, byerekana ko imikoranire yamazi na NGF (ibice 300) iri hasi ugereranije na graphene. Ibi birashobora kuba imwe mumpamvu zituma ubwisanzure bwa NGF buguma hejuru yubuso bwamazi, mugihe graphene yubusa (ireremba mumazi) irazunguruka ikavunika. Iyo NGF yibijwe mumazi rwose (ibisubizo ni bimwe kuri NGF ikaze kandi iringaniye), impande zayo zirunama (Igicapo SI4). Ku bijyanye no kwibizwa byuzuye, byitezwe ko ingufu za NGF n’amazi zikubye hafi kabiri (ugereranije na NGF ireremba) kandi ko impande z’ububiko bwa NGF kugira ngo zigumane impande zose (hydrophobicity). Twizera ko ingamba zishobora gutegurwa kugirango twirinde kugoreka impande za NGF zashyizwemo. Uburyo bumwe nugukoresha imvange ivanze kugirango uhindure reaction ya firime ya grafite 59.
Ihererekanyabubasha rya SLG muburyo butandukanye bwa substrate hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kohereza imiti itose byavuzwe mbere. Muri rusange biremewe ko imbaraga za van der Waals zifite imbaraga zibaho hagati ya firime ya graphene / grafite na substrate (yaba insimburangingo ikomeye nka SiO2 / Si38,41,46,60, SiC38, Au42, Si inkingi22 na firime ya karubone 30, 34 cyangwa byoroshye nka polyimide 37). Hano twibwira ko imikoranire yubwoko bumwe yiganje. Ntabwo twabonye ibyangiritse cyangwa ibishishwa bya NGF kuri buri substrate yatanzwe hano mugihe cyo gutunganya imashini (mugihe cyo kuranga ikirere cyangwa / cyangwa ikirere cyikirere cyangwa mugihe cyo kubika) (urugero, Ishusho 2, SI7 na SI9). Twongeyeho, ntitwabonye impinga ya SiC murwego rwa XPS C 1 s urwego rwibanze rwicyitegererezo cya NGF / SiO2 / Si (Ishusho 4). Ibisubizo byerekana ko nta sano ihuza imiti hagati ya NGF na substrate yintego.
Mu gice kibanziriza iki, "Iyimurwa rya Polymer ridafite FS- na BS-NGF," twerekanye ko NGF ishobora gukura no kwimura kumpande zombi za nikel. Izi FS-NGFs na BS-NGFs ntabwo zisa kimwe mubijyanye nubuso bwubuso, bwaduteye gukora ubushakashatsi bukenewe kuri buri bwoko.
Urebye mu mucyo no hejuru ya FS-NGF, twize imiterere yaho, optique n'amashanyarazi muburyo burambuye. Imiterere n'imiterere ya FS-NGF idafite transfert ya polymer yaranzwe no kohereza amashanyarazi microscopi (TEM) hamwe no gutoranya agace ka elegitoroniki itandukanya (SAED) isesengura ryicyitegererezo. Ibisubizo bihuye byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 5. Kwerekana amashusho make ya TEM yerekana amashusho yerekana ko hariho uturere twa NGF na FLG dufite imiterere itandukanye ya electron, ni ukuvuga ahantu hijimye kandi hakeye (Ishusho 5a). Filime muri rusange yerekana ubunyangamugayo n’ubukorikori hagati y’uturere dutandukanye twa NGF na FLG, hamwe no guhuzagurika neza kandi nta byangiritse cyangwa kurira, ibyo bikaba byemejwe na SEM (Ishusho 3) hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bukabije bwa TEM (Ishusho 5c-e). By'umwihariko, ku gishushanyo cya 5d cyerekana imiterere yikiraro ku gice kinini cyacyo (umwanya urangwa n’umwambi utudomo wirabura ku gishushanyo cya 5d), urangwa n’imiterere ya mpandeshatu kandi ugizwe na graphene ifite ubugari bwa 51. Ibigize bifite intera ihanamye ya 0.33 ± 0.01 nm iragabanuka kugeza ku byiciro byinshi bya graphene mu karere kagufi (iherezo ryumwambi wirabura ukomeye ku gishushanyo 5 d).
Igishushanyo cya TEM ishusho ya polymer idafite NiAG icyitegererezo kuri gride ya carbone lacy: ikimenyetso cy'imyambi y'amabara amwe. Icyatsi kibisi mumwanya a na c byerekana ahantu hazengurutse ibyangiritse mugihe cyo guhuza ibiti. .
Imiterere ya lente mu gishushanyo cya 5c yerekana (irangwa numwambi utukura) icyerekezo gihagaritse cyindege ya grafite ya grafite, ibyo bikaba bishobora guterwa no gushiraho nanofolds kuruhande rwa firime (shyiramo ishusho ya 5c) kubera impagarara zihenze zidafite ingurane 30,61,62 . Munsi ya TEM ihanitse cyane, iyi nanofolds 30 yerekana icyerekezo gitandukanye cya kirisitiya kuruta utundi turere twa NGF; indege shingiro ya latite ya grafite yerekanwe hafi ihagaritse, aho gutambukiranya nka firime isigaye (shyiramo ishusho ya 5c). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, akarere ka FLG rimwe na rimwe kagaragaza umurongo ugufi kandi ufunganye umeze nk'imigozi (irangwa n'imyambi y'ubururu), igaragara ku gukuza hasi no hagati mu gishushanyo cya 5b, 5e. Ibyinjijwe mu gishushanyo cya 5e byemeza ko hariho ibice bibiri na bitatu bya graphene ya graphene mu murenge wa FLG (intera intera intera 0.33 ± 0.01 nm), ibyo bikaba bihuye neza nibisubizo byacu 30. Byongeye kandi, amashusho ya SEM yafashwe na polymer idafite NGF yimuriwe kuri gride y'umuringa hamwe na firime ya karubone ya lacy (nyuma yo gukora ibipimo byo hejuru bya TEM) irerekanwa mumashusho SI9. Ahantu heza FLG yahagaritswe (irangwa numwambi wubururu) nakarere kavunitse mumashusho SI9f. Umwambi w'ubururu (ku nkombe ya NGF yimuwe) werekana nkana kwerekana ko akarere ka FLG gashobora kurwanya inzira yo kwimura nta polymer. Muncamake, aya mashusho yemeza ko NGF yahagaritswe igice (harimo n'akarere ka FLG) ikomeza ubunyangamugayo nubwo nyuma yo gukoreshwa cyane no guhura nicyuho kinini mugihe cyo gupima TEM na SEM (Igicapo SI9).
Bitewe nuburinganire buhebuje bwa NGF (reba Ishusho 5a), ntabwo bigoye kwerekeza flake kumurongo wa 000 000 kugirango dusesengure imiterere SAED. Ukurikije ubunini bwaho bwa firime hamwe n’aho biherereye, uturere twinshi dushimishije (amanota 12) twagaragaye kubushakashatsi bwo gutandukanya electron. Mu gishushanyo cya 5a - c, bine muri utwo turere dusanzwe birerekanwa kandi bikarangwamo uruziga rw'amabara (ubururu, cyan, orange, na code itukura). Igishushanyo cya 2 nicya 3 kuburyo bwa SAED. Igishushanyo cya 5f na g cyabonetse mu karere ka FLG kerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 5 n'icya 5. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5b na c. Bafite imiterere ya mpandeshatu isa na graphene yagoramye63. By'umwihariko, Igicapo 5f cerekana uburyo butatu burengeje urugero hamwe n'icyerekezo kimwe cya zone ya [0001], kizunguruka kuri 10 ° na 20 °, nkuko bigaragazwa no kudahuza impande zombi zibiri (10-10). Mu buryo busa nabwo, Igicapo 5g cerekana uburyo bubiri hejuru ya mpande esheshatu zizunguruka kuri 20 °. Amatsinda abiri cyangwa atatu yuburyo butandatu mu karere ka FLG arashobora guturuka mubice bitatu byindege cyangwa hanze yindege ya graphene ibice 33 bizunguruka ugereranije. Ibinyuranyo, uburyo bwo gutandukanya electron muburyo bwa 5h, i (bihuye nakarere ka NGF bwerekanwe kumashusho 5a) byerekana ishusho imwe [0001] hamwe nuburemere rusange bwo gutandukanya ingingo, bihuye nubunini bwibintu byinshi. Izi moderi za SAED zihuye nuburyo bunini bwo gushushanya no kwerekana icyerekezo hagati ya FLG, nkuko byavuzwe mubisobanuro 64. Imiterere yimiterere ya kristaline ya NGF yerekanaga kubana kwa kristu ebyiri cyangwa eshatu zirenze urugero (cyangwa graphene). Ikintu kigaragara cyane mukarere ka FLG nuko kristu zifite urwego runaka rwindege cyangwa indege itariyo. Graphite ibice / ibice bifite indege izunguruka mu ndege ya 17 °, 22 ° na 25 ° byavuzwe mbere kuri NGF yakuze kuri firime Ni 64. Indangagaciro zinguni zagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi zihuye nu mpande zagaragaye mbere (± 1 °) kuri graphene ya BLG63 ihindagurika.
Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bya NGF / SiO2 / Si byapimwe kuri 300 K hejuru ya 10 × 3 mm2. Indangagaciro zo gutwara ibintu bya electron, kugenda no gutwara ni 1,6 × 1020 cm-3, 220 cm2 V-1 C-1 na 2000 S-cm-1. Kugenda no kugendana indangagaciro za NGF yacu bisa na grafite karemano2 kandi irenze ubucuruzi buboneka cyane pyrolytike grafite (yakozwe kuri 3000 ° C) 29. Indangagaciro za electron zitwara ibintu ni ibintu bibiri byerekana ubunini burenze ubw'amakuru aherutse gutangazwa (7.25 × 10 cm-3) kuri firime ya micron yuzuye umubyimba wateguwe ukoresheje ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (3200 ° C) impapuro za polyimide 20.
Twakoze kandi ibipimo bya UV bigaragara kuri FS-NGF byimuriwe muri quartz substrates (Ishusho 6). Ibisubizo bivamo byerekana kohereza hafi 62% murwego rwa 350-800 nm, byerekana ko NGF ihindura urumuri rugaragara. Mubyukuri, izina "KAUST" rirashobora kugaragara kumafoto ya digitale yicyitegererezo mumashusho 6b. Nubwo imiterere ya nanocrystalline ya NGF itandukanye n'iya SLG, umubare w'ibyiciro ushobora kugereranywa ukoresheje itegeko ryo gutakaza 2.3% kwanduza kuri layer 65. Ukurikije iyi mibanire, umubare wa graphene ufite igihombo cya 38% ni 21. NGF ikuze igizwe ahanini na graphene 300, ni ukuvuga uburebure bwa nm 100 (Ishusho 1, SI5 na SI7). Kubwibyo, twibwira ko gukorera mu mucyo kugaragara bihuye n’akarere ka FLG na MLG, kubera ko byatanzwe muri firime (Ishusho 1, 3, 5 na 6c). Usibye amakuru yavuzwe haruguru yimiterere, ubworoherane no gukorera mu mucyo nabyo byemeza ubuziranenge bwa kristaline ya NGF yimuwe.
(a. . Imiterere idasanzwe nubunini bwayo mubishushanyo ni intego zerekana gusa kandi ntabwo zihuye nibice bifatika.
NGF isobanutse ikura na CVD mbere yimuriwe hejuru ya silicon yambaye ubusa kandi ikoreshwa mumirasire y'izuba15,16. Ibisubizo bivamo imbaraga (PCE) ni 1.5%. Izi NGF zikora imirimo myinshi nkibikorwa bifatika, kwishyuza inzira zo gutwara, hamwe na electrode ibonerana 15,16. Ariko, firime ya grafite ntabwo ari imwe. Ibindi bitezimbere birakenewe mugucunga neza urupapuro rwokwirinda no guhererekanya optique ya grafite ya electrode, kubera ko iyi mitungo yombi igira uruhare runini mukumenya agaciro ka PCE k’izuba 15,16. Mubisanzwe, firime ya graphene ni 97.7% ibonerana kumucyo ugaragara, ariko ifite urupapuro rurwanya 200-3000 ohms / sq.16. Kurwanya ubuso bwa firime ya graphene birashobora kugabanuka mukongera umubare wibice (kwimura inshuro nyinshi za graphene) no gukoporora hamwe na HNO3 (~ 30 Ohm / sq.) 66. Nyamara, iyi nzira ifata igihe kirekire kandi ibice bitandukanye byo kwimura ntabwo buri gihe bikomeza umubano mwiza. Uruhande rwimbere rwa NGF rufite imitungo nko gutwara 2000 S / cm, urupapuro rwerekana firime 50 ohm / sq. na 62% gukorera mu mucyo, bigatuma iba inzira ishoboka yimiyoboro iyobora cyangwa kurwanya electrode mumirasire y'izuba15,16.
Nubwo imiterere na chimie yo hejuru ya BS-NGF bisa na FS-NGF, ubukana bwayo buratandukanye (“Gukura kwa FS- na BS-NGF”). Mbere, twakoresheje ultra-thin firime graphite22 nka sensor ya gaze. Kubwibyo, twagerageje uburyo bushoboka bwo gukoresha BS-NGF kubikorwa byo kumva gaze (Igicapo SI10). Ubwa mbere, mm2 zingana na BS-NGF yimuriwe kuri chip ya sensor ya electrode ihuza (Ishusho SI10a-c). Gukora ibisobanuro birambuye kuri chip byavuzwe mbere; agace kako gakomeye ni 9 mm267. Mu mashusho ya SEM (Igicapo SI10b na c), electrode ya zahabu iri munsi igaragara neza binyuze muri NGF. Na none, birashobora kugaragara ko gukwirakwiza chip imwe byagezweho kuburugero rwose. Ibipimo bya sensor ya gaze ya gaze zitandukanye byaranditswe (Igicapo SI10d) (Igicapo SI11) kandi igipimo c'ibisubizo bivamo kirerekanwa mumashusho. SI10g. Birashoboka hamwe nizindi myuka ibangamira harimo SO2 (200 ppm), H2 (2%), CH4 (200 ppm), CO2 (2%), H2S (200 ppm) na NH3 (200 ppm). Impamvu imwe ishoboka ni NO2. imiterere ya electrophilique ya gaze22,68. Iyo byamamajwe hejuru ya graphene, bigabanya kwinjiza amashanyarazi kuri sisitemu. Kugereranya igihe cyo gusubiza amakuru ya sensor ya BS-NGF hamwe na sensor zasohotse mbere zerekanwa mumeza SI2. Uburyo bwo kongera gukora sensor ya NGF ukoresheje plasma UV, plasma ya O3 cyangwa ubushyuhe (50-150 ° C) kuvura ingero zagaragaye birakomeje, nibyiza bikurikirwa no gushyira mubikorwa sisitemu yashyizwemo 69.
Mugihe cya CVD, gukura kwa graphene bibaho kumpande zombi za catalizator substrate41. Nyamara, BS-graphene isanzwe isohoka mugihe cyo kwimura41. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, turerekana ko iterambere ryiza rya NGF hamwe no kwimura polymer idafite NGF bishobora kugerwaho kumpande zombi zatewe inkunga. BS-NGF yoroheje (~ 80 nm) kurusha FS-NGF (~ 100 nm), kandi iri tandukaniro risobanurwa nuko BS-Ni idahuye neza na gazi ya preursor. Twasanze kandi ubukana bwa substrate ya NiAR bugira ingaruka mbi kuri NGF. Ibisubizo byerekana ko planari ikuze FS-NGF ishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byabanjirije graphene (hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa exfoliation70) cyangwa nkumuyoboro utwara imirasire yizuba15,16. Ibinyuranye, BS-NGF izakoreshwa mugushakisha gaze (Igicapo SI9) kandi birashoboka kuri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu 71,72 aho ububobere bwayo buzaba ingirakamaro.
Urebye ibyavuzwe haruguru, ni ngombwa guhuza imirimo iriho na firime ya grafite yatangajwe mbere na CVD no gukoresha nikel foil. Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2, umuvuduko mwinshi twakoresheje wagabanije igihe cyo kwitwara (intambwe yo gukura) ndetse no ku bushyuhe buke (mu ntera ya 850–1300 ° C). Twageze kandi ku iterambere ryinshi kuruta ibisanzwe, byerekana ubushobozi bwo kwaguka. Hariho ibindi bintu tugomba gusuzuma, bimwe mubyo twabishyize kumeza.
Impande ebyiri zifite ubuziranenge bwa NGF zahinzwe kuri nikel foil na catalitike CVD. Mugukuraho insimburangingo ya polymer gakondo (nkizikoreshwa muri CVD graphene), tugera ku ihererekanyabubasha ryuzuye rya NGF (ryakuze kumpande ninyuma ya nikel foil) kubintu bitandukanye byubaka. Ikigaragara ni uko NGF ikubiyemo uturere twa FLG na MLG (mubisanzwe 0.1% kugeza 3% kuri 100 µm2) byubatswe neza muri firime nini. Planar TEM yerekana ko uturere tugizwe nibice bibiri kugeza kuri bitatu bya grafite / graphene (kristu cyangwa ibice), bimwe muribi bifite aho bihurira na 10-20 °. Uturere twa FLG na MLG dushinzwe gukorera mu mucyo FS-NGF kumucyo ugaragara. Kubijyanye nimpapuro zinyuma, zirashobora gutwarwa zibangikanye nimpapuro zimbere kandi nkuko bigaragara, zirashobora kugira intego yibikorwa (urugero, kubimenya gaze). Ubu bushakashatsi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kugabanya imyanda nigiciro murwego rwinganda CVD.
Muri rusange, impuzandengo yuburebure bwa CVD NGF iri hagati ya graphene (hasi- na byinshi-gatsiko) graphene ninganda (micrometero) impapuro za grafite. Ingano yimitungo yabo ishimishije, ihujwe nuburyo bworoshye twateje imbere kubyara no gutwara, bituma firime zikoreshwa cyane cyane mubisabwa bisaba igisubizo cyimikorere ya grafite, nta kiguzi cyibikorwa byinganda zikoresha ingufu zikoreshwa muri iki gihe.
Fel ya 25-μm yuburebure bwa nikel (99.5% byera, Mugenzi wawe) yashyizwe mumashanyarazi ya CVD yubucuruzi (Aixtron 4-cm BMPro). Sisitemu yahanaguwe na argon hanyuma yimurirwa kumuvuduko wibanze wa 10-3 mbar. Hashyizwe nikel foil. muri Ar / H2 (Nyuma yo kubanziriza mbere ya fayili ya Ni muminota 5, fayili yahuye numuvuduko wa mbar 500 kuri 900 ° C. NGF yashyizwe mumigezi ya CH4 / H2 (100 cm3 imwe) muminota 5. Icyitegererezo cyakonje kugeza ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 700 ° C ukoresheje Ar flow (4000 cm3) kuri 40 ° C / min.
Ubuso bwa morfologiya yicyitegererezo bwerekanwe na SEM ukoresheje microscope ya Zeiss Merlin (1 kV, 50 pA). Icyitegererezo cy'ubuso n'ubunini bwa NGF byapimwe hifashishijwe AFM (Dimension Icon SPM, Bruker). Ibipimo bya TEM na SAED byakozwe hakoreshejwe microscope ya FEI Titan 80–300 Cubed ifite imbunda ndende yohereza mu kirere (300 kV), monochromator yo mu bwoko bwa FEI Wien hamwe na CEOS lens spherical aberration ikosora kugirango ibone ibisubizo byanyuma. ahantu hatandukanye 0.09 nm. Urugero rwa NGF rwimuriwe kuri karubone lacy yubatswe yumuringa kugirango ushushanye TEM ishusho hamwe nisesengura ryimiterere ya SAED. Rero, ibyinshi muri sample flocs byahagaritswe mumyobo ya membrane ishyigikira. Ingero za NGF zoherejwe zasesenguwe na XRD. Uburyo bwo gutandukanya X-ray bwabonetse hakoreshejwe ifu ya diffraktometero (Brucker, D2 icyiciro cya transfert hamwe na Cu Kα isoko, 1.5418 Å na detector ya LYNXEYE) ukoresheje isoko yimirasire ya Cu ifite diameter ya mm 3.
Ibipimo byinshi bya Raman byanditswe hakoreshejwe microscope ihuza (Alpha 300 RA, WITeC). Lazeri ya 532 nm ifite imbaraga nke zo kwishima (25%) yakoreshejwe kugirango birinde ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe. Ifoto ya X-ray yerekana amashanyarazi (XPS) yakorewe kuri ecran ya Kratos Axis Ultra hejuru yicyitegererezo cya 300 × 700 μ m2 ikoresheje imirasire ya Al Kα ya monochromatique (hν = 1486,6 eV) ku mbaraga za W. W. ingufu zo kohereza za 160 eV na 20 eV. Ingero za NGF zimuriwe kuri SiO2 zaciwemo ibice (3 × 10 mm2 buri) ukoresheje lazeri ya PLS6MW (1.06 μ m) ytterbium fibre laser kuri 30 W. Umuyoboro w’umuringa w’umuringa (uburebure bwa 50 mm) wahimbwe ukoresheje paste ya feza munsi ya microscope optique. Ubushakashatsi bwubwikorezi bwamashanyarazi hamwe na Hall bwakorewe kuri ziriya ngero kuri 300 K hamwe na magnetiki yumurima wa ± 9 Tesla muburyo bwo gupima ibintu bifatika (PPMS EverCool-II, Quantum Design, USA). Ikwirakwizwa rya UV - ryerekanwe hifashishijwe Lambda 950 UV - vis spectrophotometero muri metero 350-800 nm NGF yimuriwe muri quartz substrate hamwe na quartz yerekanwe.
Imashini irwanya imiti (chip interdigitated electrode chip) yashizwe ku kibaho cyabigenewe cyacapwe cyumuzingo 73 hanyuma irwanya ikurwaho byigihe gito. Ikibaho cyumuzunguruko cyacapishijwe icyo gikoresho giherereyemo gihuzwa na terefone hanyuma kigashyirwa mu cyumba cyumva gaze 74. Ibipimo byo kurwanya byafashwe kuri voltage ya 1 V hamwe na scan ikomeza kuva kuri purge kugeza kuri gaze hanyuma ikongera ikongera. Urugereko rwabanje gusukurwa no gusukamo azote kuri 200 cm3 kumasaha 1 kugirango harebwe izindi analyite zose ziri muri chambre, harimo nubushuhe. Isesengura rya buri muntu ryarekuwe buhoro buhoro mu cyumba ku kigero kimwe cya 200 cm3 mu gufunga silinderi ya N2.
Inyandiko ivuguruye yiyi ngingo yasohotse kandi irashobora kuboneka ukoresheje umurongo uri hejuru yingingo.
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